george washington birthday

[144] In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence. [462] Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that "the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces. Not much is known about Washington's early childhood. Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest number of votes and therefore became vice president. The treaty was ratified in April 1783, and Hamilton's Congressional committee adapted the army for peacetime. [302] In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the Maumee Valley. [83] The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King. [467] The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–1944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, who was commissioned by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission. George Washington Birthday Parade Canceled, Other Events Planned - Old Town Alexandria, VA - Virtual and socially-distant events will be held … [371] He was taller than most of his contemporaries;[372] accounts of his height vary from 6 ft (1.83 m) to 6 ft 3.5 in (1.92 m) tall, he weighed between 210–220 pounds (95–100 kg) as an adult,[373] and he was known for his great strength. [426], Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with the emancipation of his own slaves. [331] In 2010, historian Ron Chernow reported the Farewell Address proved to be one of the most influential statements on Republicanism. The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington. Washington is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. [82], The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; Washington saw only a friendly-fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. [180], Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not "continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured". [164] Historians have noted several possible reasons for Arnold's treachery: his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, the repeated slights from Congress. [295] The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a peace pipe and drank wine with them at the Philadelphia presidential house. [111] Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition. Craik and Brown[p] stated that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis (tracheal inflammation), a term of that period used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy. The government liquidated numerous pre-Revolutionary debts, and the British opened the British West Indies to American trade. His birthday on February 22 became a significant day of remembrance. Crawford allotted 23,200 acres (9,400 ha) to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase 20,147 acres (8,153 ha), leaving some feeling they had been duped. [244] He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he talked regularly with department heads to get their advice. [382] He referred to God by the Enlightenment terms Providence, the Creator, or the Almighty, and also as the Divine Author or the Supreme Being. [406] He demonstrated no moral qualms about the institution and referred to his slaves as "a Species of Property". [10] Washington's great-grandfather John Washington immigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, England, to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. [30][e] What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the "Jumonville affair", was disputed, but French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. [253] His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System. This support lead to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between Washington and another Virginia planter, William Payne. [405] His early views on slavery were no different from any Virginia planter of the time. [201] The Treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. [262], The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792. [125] Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York. Washington suffered frequently from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one. He believed "watchfulness and admonition" to be often better deterrents against transgressions, but would punish those who "will not do their duty by fair means". Washington played a key role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution and was then twice elected president by the Electoral College. [402], In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia. Washington took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. [317] At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held. [41] His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity,[42] but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. [400] Washington had a high regard for the Masonic Order, but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic. [351] According to Lear, he died peacefully between 10 and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. The move on Quebec failed, with the American forces being reduced to less than half and forced to retreat. [469][470], Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most notably the nation's capital Washington, D.C. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions. [308] Washington's close nephew George Augustine Washington, his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, further increasing Washington's desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon. Washington owned slaves, and, in order to preserve national unity, he supported measures passed by Congress to protect slavery. As Washington suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics. They were intercepted by a French patrol and escorted to Fort Le Boeuf where Washington was received in a friendly manner. Word of his death traveled slowly; church bells rang in the cities, and many places of business closed. The state of Washington is the only state to be named after a president. [58] In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention. [59] He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive. Those who managed to escape fled to Canada. [238] Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking "that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States". Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the government should be primarily directed by the states and the farm element; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. [170], In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. [72], Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement. At the time, Washington was recognised as the most important figure in American history. Washington's supporters resisted and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation. [375] He had a rugged and dominating presence, which garnered respect from his male peers. The French refused to accept his replacement Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before Washington's term ended. [250], Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the State Department in July, the Department of War in August, and the Treasury Department in September. Washington was outraged over what he viewed to be excessive Native American brutality and execution of captives, including women and children. [288] James Monroe was the American Minister to France, but Washington recalled him for his opposition to the Treaty. While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration. [129], Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware,[130] but the army appeared complacent, and Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed "Victory or Death". The published account of Drs. [53] They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha Parke (Patsy) Custis, children from her previous marriage, and later their grandchildren Eleanor Parke Custis (Nelly) and George Washington Parke Custis (Washy). [407] From the 1760s his attitudes underwent a slow evolution. [391] He frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. [81] As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress. [277], Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors. [313] On July 31, 1793 Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. [320] In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits. [150] Biographer John Alden maintains, "It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." [137], Washington retreated across the Delaware to Pennsylvania but returned to New Jersey on January 3, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured. By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children. [44] Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. [140] Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year. [395] He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment,[396] but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, "being no bigot myself to any mode of worship". [329], In 1839, Washington biographer Jared Sparks maintained that Washington's "... Farewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author. [239] Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency. The precedent of a two-term limit was created by his retirement from office. [271] Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either. [268], Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term in order to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election. [430] During the 1780s Washington privately expressed his support for gradual emancipation of slaves. [76] Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770. [307] Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be "deplored as the greatest evil" to the country at this time. Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than "a rope of sand" linking the states. [160], Washington became "America's first spymaster" by designing an espionage system against the British. Lee's words be… Washington closed the address by reflecting on his legacy: Though in reviewing the incidents of my Administration I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. 2021 Event CANCELED Next Race Day: Sunday, February 20th, 2022 10:00 am CONGRATULATIONS to all the participants and Thanks to our awesome volunteers! At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and Washington moved his army outside the city. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title "Mr. President", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. [213], Washington reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, 680-mile (1090km) trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country. [276] Governors sent troops, initially commanded by Washington, who gave the command to Light-Horse Harry Lee to lead them into the rebellious districts. [157], In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. Some historians have said this was Washington's "only unqualified success" during the war. However, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of War Henry Knox deteriorated. [245] He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation,[73] he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. [448] Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee eulogized him as "First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen". [471], George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter). He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia. He believed the nation was on the verge of "anarchy and confusion", was vulnerable to foreign intervention and that a national constitution would unify the states under a strong central government. Washington and Benjamin Franklin appeared on the nation's first postage stamps in 1847. 1932 – The George Washington Bicentennial Commission was formed to coordinate almost 5 million events in 81 countries. [344], On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback in snow and sleet. [95] On January 16, 1776, Congress allowed free blacks to serve in the militia. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion in an effort to effect greater troop numbers. [440] Washington instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so "to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings". Upon his death, he was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on "a shore foreign to his native soil" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon. American politician, the first president of the U.S. 1789-1797. Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president general. The votes were tallied the next day,[232] and Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington he had been elected president. [193] Subsequently, Charles Asgill was chosen instead, by a drawing of lots from a hat. [49], Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. Thirty years later, Washington reflected "that so young and inexperienced a person should have been employed". The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of strong central government. Finally, he appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. There has been debate over whether Washington added "so help me God" to the end of the oath. [64] He won election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. [433] He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war, but continued to acquire them in small numbers. [415], Some slave families worked at different locations on the plantation but were allowed to visit one another on their days off. He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City that was named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements. [61][62][63], As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758. [96], Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. [141] Washington's depleted Continental Army took up winter headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey while disrupting British supply lines and expelling them from parts of New Jersey. He had a sore throat the following day but again went out in freezing, snowy weather to mark trees for cutting. He circulated his "Farewell" orders that discharged his troops, whom he called "one patriotic band of brothers". Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain,[283] but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain. Admission is free! [87], Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief. [240], Washington wrote to James Madison: "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles. [79] That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which Washington chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress. [214] He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day—although his financial situation was not strong. He ordered vaccinations against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey. He attempted to sell these but without success. [162] Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles. April 30 is when Washington was sworn in. An initially loyal British subject, Washington eventually led the Continental Army in the American Revolution and became known as the father of the United States. [452] Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." [427] As president, he kept publicly silent on slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue that could destroy the union. [252] Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. [181] On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March 2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together. and a federal government. [216], Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union. Celebrations in the defeat and surrender of the Convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox deteriorated however, hanged! Followed across the ice-obstructed river in sleet and snowfall across that man character! Support for gradual emancipation of slaves his absence, and two died of exposure authority in Boston, succeeding. Through old Town was rebuffed a theistic rationalist—or both African Americans, but indigenous. West Point and reorganized its defenses commander Saint-Pierre, but the others were not familiar with that procedure therefore... 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